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Renewable energy plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and promoting global energy sustainability. Among the main sources of renewable energy are solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy.

Climate change refers to significant and lasting alterations in global and regional climate patterns. The primary causes are human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, which increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

The global population tends to concentrate in coastal regions, creating a phenomenon where the interior of countries becomes relatively depopulated and, often, desertified. This settlement pattern is global and has various implications, especially in the context of climate change. Rising global temperatures and the consequent rise in sea levels pose serious threats to coastal areas, increasing risk zones worldwide. Geotechnologies play a crucial role in identifying, monitoring, and mitigating these impacts.

Acid rain is a phenomenon caused mainly by the emission of polluting gases, such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), into the atmosphere. These pollutants are mainly released by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. When these gases react with oxygen (O₂) and moisture in the atmosphere, they form acids, such as sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), which are carried through the atmosphere and can fall as rain, snow, fog, or particulates. dry.