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OpenStreetMap (OSM) is widely recognized as a collaborative platform for geospatial mapping, but it's often described as a "minimally controlled environment" due to several inherent characteristics in its structure and operation. Below are the key factors contributing to this description:

Heatwaves, characterized by prolonged periods of excessively high temperatures, are becoming increasingly frequent and intense across Europe. These extreme weather events have profound impacts on society, the economy, and the environment. This article delves into the causes, consequences, and costs of heatwaves, using data and examples from recent years to highlight the severity of the situation.

Copernicus is a groundbreaking initiative by the European Union (EU) aimed at developing information services based on Earth observation data collected from satellites and in situ (non-space) sources. The program is primarily implemented by the European Commission (EC) with support from the European Space Agency (ESA) for the space component, and the European Environment Agency (EEA) for the in situ component.

In the realm of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), data storage formats are crucial for efficient data management and analysis. Two of the most widely used formats are Shapefiles and GeoPackages (GPKG). This article explores the differences between these two formats, examining their structure, standards, performance, and suitability for various GIS applications.